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Cissy Houston

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Cissy Houston
Houston in 1975
Born
Emily Drinkard

(1933-09-30)September 30, 1933
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedOctober 7, 2024(2024-10-07) (aged 91)
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Burial placeFairview Cemetery, Westfield, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation
  • Singer
Years active1938–2018
Spouses
Freddie Garland
​
​
(m. 1955; div. 1964)​
John Houston Jr.
​
​
(m. 1964; div. 1991)​
Children3, including Whitney and Gary
Relatives
Musical career
Genres
InstrumentVocals
Labels

Emily Drinkard (September 30, 1933 – October 7, 2024), known professionally as Cissy Houston, was an American soul and gospel singer. Houston was a founding member of the R&B group The Sweet Inspirations, and sang backup for artists such as Roy Hamilton, Dionne Warwick, Elvis Presley, Aretha Franklin, and Chaka Khan. Houston embarked on a solo career in 1970, and won two Grammy Awards in the Traditional Gospel Album category.

Houston was the mother of singer and actress Whitney Houston, the aunt of singers Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and a cousin of opera singer Leontyne Price. Houston was also the grandmother of Whitney Houston's only child, Bobbi Kristina Brown.

Early life

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Born Emily Drinkard on September 30, 1933, in Newark, New Jersey,[1][2][3] to Nitcholas "Nitch" Drinkard (1895–1952) and Delia Mae Drinkard (née McCaskill) (1901–1941), she was the eighth and final child; her older siblings were brothers William (1918–2003), Handsome (1925–1986), Nicky (1929–1992), and Larry (1931–2012); and sisters Lee (1920–2005), Marie (1922–2007), and Anne (1927–2003).[4] Houston's father Nitcholas Drinkard was born to Susan Bell (called Delia) Drinkard (née Fuller), of Dutch and African-American descent.[5] His father John Drinkard, Jr., was of Native American descent.[5] The Drinkards had owned a substantial amount of farmland in Blakely, Georgia, at a time when it was unusual for black people to have large landholdings. The asset was gradually depleted as they sold small portions of land over time, to resolve the continued legal troubles of a close relative.[5]

After Houston's three oldest siblings were born, the family relocated to New Jersey during the Great Migration.[5] Her parents emphasized the children getting educated and being involved in the church, and her father encouraged Houston and her siblings to sing.[5] In 1938, five-year-old Cissy's mother Delia suffered a stroke and died of cerebral hemorrhage three years later.[6] Houston's father died of stomach cancer in March 1952 when Houston was 18.[5][7] Cissy went to live with her older sister Lee and her husband Mancel Warrick.[8] The Warricks had three children: a son, Mancel Warrick Jr. and two daughters Marie Dionne Warrick and Delia Juanita (Dee Dee) Warrick.[9] Soprano Leontyne Price is a Drinkard cousin.[10][11]

Houston was raised Methodist Episcopal and said that she "found Christ" at age 14.[12]

Houston attended South Side High School.[13][14]

Career

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The Drinkard Singers

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Main article: The Drinkard Singers

Houston's singing career began in 1938 when she joined her sister Anne and brothers Larry and Nicky in the gospel singing group the Drinkard Four. Lee (who would later become the mother of singers Marie Dionne Warwick and Delia Juanita (Dee Dee) Warrick), later joined the group along with Anne Drinkard Moss and Marie Drinkard Epps, and the group was renamed The Drinkard Singers. It was while performing on Drinkard Singers that Cissy Houston made her television debut on TV Gospel Time. Houston and the Drinkard Singers regularly performed at New Hope Baptist Church and later recorded a live album for RCA called A Joyful Noise, becoming one of the first gospel acts to release a gospel album on a major label.[15] The Drinkard Singers also earned success performing at Carnegie Hall and the Newport Jazz Festival.

The Sweet Inspirations

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Main article: The Sweet Inspirations

In 1963, then about to give birth to daughter Whitney Houston, she formed The Sweet Inspirations with Doris Troy and niece Dee Dee Warwick. Later, under contract to Atlantic Records, Sylvia Shemwell, Estelle Brown, and Myrna Smith formed the lineup. During the mid-1960s, the Sweet Inspirations provided backup vocals for a variety of artists, including Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Lou Rawls, The Drifters, Dusty Springfield, and Houston's niece Dionne Warwick. They appeared on Van Morrison's single "Brown Eyed Girl". Houston performed the descant on the Aretha Franklin hit "Ain't No Way".[16] In 1967, The Sweet Inspirations sang background vocals for The Jimi Hendrix Experience on the track "Burning of the Midnight Lamp".[17]

In 1969, they were hired to sing backing vocals for American singer Elvis Presley in Las Vegas on his return to live performances during July and August 1969. Presley often introduced them at shows by saying, "They really live up to their name, ladies & gentlemen: The Sweet Inspirations!" [18] Many of these performances can be heard on the All Shook Up and Live In Las Vegas live records.[18] Performing with Elvis Presley was Houston's final gig with The Sweet Inspirations. As her children were growing bigger, she decided to stop touring and focus on her career as a recording artist.[18]

Solo career

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As Cecily Blair she cut her first secular solo record "This Is My Vow" on M'n'M Records in 1963 following this up in 1966 with "Bring Him Back" b/w "World Of Broken Hearts" on Congress. Her final solo single before recording with The Sweet Inspirations was "Don't Come Running To Me" b/w "One Broken Heart For Sale" released on Kapp Records in 1967.[19] On these early singles her name is spelled as Sissie Houston. In 1969, Houston signed a recording contract with Commonwealth United Records and recorded her solo debut LP Presenting Cissy Houston which was released in 1970.[18] It contained several well received singles, including covers of "I'll Be There" and "Be My Baby", both of which made the R&B charts.[20]

Following the release of her debut album, Houston's contract was sold to Janus Records in 1970.[20] She recorded another album and several more singles in the early 1970s, which included the original recording of Jim Weatherly's "Midnight Train to Georgia" in 1972, later a number one hit for Gladys Knight & the Pips.[20][21] She continued to record with Janus Records until 1975.[22] Houston performed as backing vocalist on jazz flautist Herbie Mann's funky disco single "Hijack" (1975), album "Discotheque" (1975), and album "Surprise" (1976).[23]

In 1977, Houston was signed by Private Stock Records, working with arranger/producer Michael Zager on three albums. The second included her big disco hit "Think It Over", which climbed to No. 32 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1979. She represented USA at the World Popular Song Festival in 1979 with a track called "You're the Fire", landing second place and winning the "Most Outstanding Performance Award". This also appeared on her 1980 disco-flavored album, Step Aside for a Lady, again produced by Zager, but released on Columbia Records (on EMI in the United Kingdom).

Session musician

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Cissy Houston in 1996

Houston's versatile cross-genre singing style kept her highly in demand as a session musician with some of the world's most successful recording artists. Houston, along with Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, sang the background vocals on the original recording of Time Is On My Side by Kai Winding, released by Verve Records in October 1963. She was one of the backup singers on the Paul Simon song "Mother and Child Reunion" (1972).

Houston sang back-up on Bette Midler's 1972 debut album, The Divine Miss M. In 1974, Houston sang back-up on Linda Ronstadt's multi-Platinum Heart Like A Wheel, a seminal album that topped Billboard′s Pop and Country Album Charts in early 1975. In 1971, Houston was featured on three tracks of Burt Bacharach's self-titled solo album: "Mexican Divorce", "All Kinds of People" and "One Less Bell to Answer". During 1975 and 1976, she worked with jazz flutist Herbie Mann on three Atlantic albums, Discothèque, Waterbed, and Surprises, featuring on three tracks, "Violet Don't Be Blue", JJ Cale's "Cajun Moon", and "Easter Rising". In addition to her work as choirmaster at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey, Cissy performed frequently at clubs in NYC including Mikell's, Sweetwaters, Seventh Avenue South, and Fat Tuesday from the late 1970s through the 1980s. Whitney Houston, her daughter and backup singer, increasingly sang solos with Cissy's band. They would collaborate on "Ain't No Way" (originally a Cissy Houston and Aretha Franklin vehicle), on which Cissy sang "Cissy" and Whitney sang "Aretha".

Gospel soloist and duets

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In 1996, Houston received the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album for Face to Face, an album that contained a Gospel version of "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)".[citation needed] The same year, she contributed one song to the gospel soundtrack album for the film The Preacher's Wife, which starred her daughter Whitney Houston. In 1998, she won her second Grammy for her album He Leadeth Me.[citation needed] Subse she continued to record infrequent secular material and in 1987, Houston and her daughter Whitney recorded a duet titled "I Know Him So Well", a cover of the original by Barbara Dickson and Elaine Paige from the Broadway musical, Chess. This song also became a single in early 1989 as the 6th and last single release (in selected European countries) from Whitney's album Whitney. In 1992 she teamed up with Chuck Jackson for an album of solo and duet recordings entitled I'll Take Care of You.

In 2006, Houston recorded the song "Family First" with niece Dionne Warwick and daughter Whitney Houston for the soundtrack to the movie Daddy's Little Girls. In 2010, Cissy attended the third annual BET Honors with her daughter Whitney, who received the entertainment award. In 2012, Cissy performed "Bridge over Troubled Water" at the tribute for her daughter at the BET Music Awards. On September 29, 2014, at 80 years old, Cissy sang backup to a standing-ovation performance with Aretha Franklin of Adele's "Rolling in the Deep", and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" on The Late Show with David Letterman.

New Hope Baptist Church Youth Inspirational Choir

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For more than fifty years, Houston was the Minister of Music at New Hope Baptist Church (Newark).[24] She was a driving force behind McDonald's Gospelfest, at which she regularly performed.

Personal life and death

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In 1955, Houston married Freddie Garland and had a son, Gary Garland (born 1957), an NBA basketball player and DePaul University Athletic Hall of Famer.[25][24][26]

In early 1958, when she was 24, Houston met John Russell Houston Jr. and embarked on a romance that led to the births of son Michael (born 1961), a songwriter and road manager, and daughter Whitney (1963–2012), who went on to be a world-renowned singer, actress, and entertainer.[27][28][29] During the early years of the relationship, John was still married to his first wife, Elsie Hamilton. After Houston's first marriage ended in divorce in April 1964, Cissy and John married the following month.[24][30] John Houston Jr. was a former Army veteran who served his country during World War II and was working as a taxi and truck driver when he met Cissy. He first entered the entertainment business managing his nieces-in-law's vocal group, the Gospelaires, in 1959. After his wife formed The Sweet Inspirations, he served as their manager until Cissy left the group in 1969 to start her solo career. After John survived a near-fatal heart attack in 1976, John and Cissy's marriage turned volatile and by 1977, they agreed to legally separate, though they remained married until 1991.[31] Houston had six grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.[24][failed verification]

In the late 1990s, when her daughter Whitney began to struggle with drug addiction, Cissy staged several interventions to get her into rehabilitation programs. On one occasion she obtained a court order and the assistance of two sheriffs to intervene, persuading Whitney to undertake treatment at Hope For Women Residential & Therapeutic Services in Atlanta, Georgia.[32] In her 2013 book, Remembering Whitney: My Story of Love, Loss, and the Night the Music Stopped, Cissy described a scene she encountered during a visit to Whitney and then-husband Bobby Brown's home in 2005 where she saw the walls and door painted with big glaring eyes and strange faces. After having seen what she thought was several disturbing scenes, this led Cissy to return with law enforcement and perform an intervention.[33] Whitney would attend recovery and rehabilitation programs.[34]

On February 11, 2012, Whitney Houston died at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California.[35] After her daughter's death, Cissy expressed her distaste for the media's coverage of related events: "The media are awful. People have come from here and there, [and they] don't know what they're talking about," she said. "People I haven't seen in 20 years ... Here they come, [they] think they know everything, but that's not true. But God has His way of taking care of all of it, and I'm glad I know that."[36]

Cissy Houston died at her home in Newark on October 7, 2024, at the age of 91. She had been in hospice care for Alzheimer's disease.[37]

Discography

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Source:[38][additional citation(s) needed]

With the Drinkard Singers

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Year Album Record label
1958 A Joyful Noise RCA Records/Victor

With the Sweet Inspirations

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See Sweet Inspirations Discography
Year Album Record label
1967 The Sweet Inspirations Atlantic
1968 Songs of Faith & Inspiration
What the World Needs Now Is Love
1969 Sweets for My Sweet

Solo

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Year Album Record label
1970 Presenting Cissy Houston Major Minor Records
1977 Cissy Houston Private Stock Records
1978 Think It Over
1979 Warning - Danger Columbia Records
1980 Step Aside For A Lady
1992 I'll Take Care of You Shanachie Records
1996 Face To Face House of Blues
1997 He Leadeth Me A&M Records
2001 Love Is Holding You Neon
2012 Walk on By Faith Harlem Records

Compilations

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Year Album Record label
1995 Midnight Train to Georgia: Janus Years Ichiban Records
1999 Cissy Houston & Whitney Houston Delta Music
2000 The Definitive Collection Connoisseur Records
2005 Cissy Houston Collection Intersound

Collaborations

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Year Title Artist
1971 Burt Bacharach Burt Bacharach[39]
1975 Discothèque Herbie Mann
Waterbed
1976 Surprises Herbie Mann, featuring Cissy Houston
1992 I'll Take Care of You Chuck Jackson & Cissy Houston

Soundtracks

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Year Film/Show Song
1996 A Time to Kill: Original Soundtrack Album "Take My Hand, Precious Lord"
The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album "The Lord is My Shepherd"
1998 Late Show with David Letterman, December 23, episode "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)"
2007 Daddy's Little Girl: Original Soundtrack Album "Family First" (with Whitney Houston and Dionne Warwick)

Backing vocals

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Year Album Artist Track (only)
1965 The Exciting Wilson Pickett Wilson Pickett "In the Midnight Hour"
1967 Electric Ladyland The Jimi Hendrix Experience "Burning of the Midnight Lamp"
1968 Lady Soul Aretha Franklin "Ain't No Way" and "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone"
1970 The Source Jimmy Scott
Brook Benton Today Brook Benton
Doin' What We Wanna Clarence Wheeler
Moondance Van Morrison
Taking Care of Business James Cotton
Right On Wilson Pickett
1971 Blacknuss Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Donny Hathaway Donny Hathaway
Burt Bacharach Burt Bacharach
Homeless Brother Don McLean
Paul Simon Paul Simon "Mother and Child Reunion"
Quiet Fire Roberta Flack
Second Movement Eddie Harris and Les McCann
Movin' On Oscar Brown, Jr.
Story Teller Brook Benton
1972 Salome Bey Sings Songs From Dude Galt MacDermot and Gerome Ragni and Salome Bey
The Divine Miss M Bette Midler "Do You Wanna Dance?"
Jackie Jackie DeShannon
Zulema Zulema
Sweet Revenge John Prine "Sweet Revenge", "Mexican Home"
1973 Laid Back Gregg Allman
1974 Heart Like a Wheel Linda Ronstadt
I've Got the Music in Me Kiki Dee "I've Got the Music in Me"
The Doctor Is In... and Out Yusuf Lateef "Technological Homosapien"[40]
Young Americans David Bowie "Young Americans"
1976 Boys in the Trees Carly Simon
Locked In Wishbone Ash
We're Children of Coincidence and Harpo Marx Dory Previn
1977 Garden of Love Light Narada Michael Walden
Monkey Island The J. Geils Band
1978 Chaka Chaka Khan "I'm Every Woman"
1979 Movin' On Vicki Sue Robinson
Take All of Me Barbara Law
1980 Aretha Aretha Franklin
Naughty Chaka Khan "Clouds"[41]
"Papillion (Hot Butterfly)"[42]
1981 Freeze Frame The J. Geils Band "Angel in Blue"
1981 Never Too Much Luther Vandross
1982 Forever, for Always, for Love Luther Vandross
Silk Electric Diana Ross
1985 The Night I Fell in Love Luther Vandross
Whitney Houston Whitney Houston
1986 Labyrinth David Bowie "Underground"
1987 Whitney Whitney Houston "I Know Him So Well"
1990 I'm Your Baby Tonight "Who Do You Love?"
1990 Some People's Lives Bette Midler "From a Distance"
1991 Power of Love Luther Vandross
1995 This Is Christmas "This is Christmas"
2003 Dangerously In Love Beyoncé "The Closer I Get to You"
2015 Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics Aretha Franklin
2018 Where No One Stands Alone Elvis Presley

Musical arrangements

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Year Track Album
1976 "Angels" Cissy Houston
1996 "The Lord Is My Shepherd" The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album

Musical compositions

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Year Title Collaborator
1997 "Count Your Blessings"
1996 "Deep River/Campground" Donny Harper
1976 "Endless Waters" David Forman

Filmography

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Source:[43][additional citation(s) needed]

Film

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  • 1978: The Wiz (uncredited voice) – The Wiz Singers Adult Choir
  • 1984: Taking My Turn (TV)
  • 1994: The Vernon Johns Story (TV) as Rose
    • aka Freedom Road: The Vernon Johns Story (UK)
    • aka The Road to Freedom: The Vernon Johns Story (USA: alternative title)
  • 1996: The Preacher's Wife as Mrs. Havergal
  • 2018: God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness
  • 2018: Whitney

Television

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References

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  1. ^ On this Day in Black Music History – September 30 – By Jay Warner, Books.google.com
  2. ^ The Famous, the Familiar and the Forgotten – Emily "Cissy" Houston: Soul, Disco & Gospel Singer – By Guy G. Sterling, Books.google.com
  3. ^ McNeil, W. K. (2010). Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music. Routledge / Taylor & Francis. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-415-94179-2.
  4. ^ "Geni.com: Emily Houston (Drinkard)". April 13, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Houston, Cissy (September 2, 2009). "Visionary Project Video – Cissy Houston: My Family". Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  6. ^ "Geni.com: Delia Drinkard (McCaskill)". April 13, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  7. ^ "Geni.com: Nitcholas Drinkard". April 13, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  8. ^ Warwick, Dionne (2010). My Life, as I See It. New York: Atria Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4391-7134-9.
  9. ^ Warwick, Dionne (2010). My Life, as I See It. New York: Atria Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4391-7134-9.
  10. ^ Warwick, Dionne (2012). My Life, as I See It. New York: Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-4391-7134-9.
  11. ^ "Artistopia.com". Dionne Warwick. iCubator Labs LLC. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  12. ^ "Cissy Houston details daughter Whitney's decline in new book". CBN.com. April 17, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  13. ^ Cissy Houston, National Visionary Leadership Project. Accessed December 19, 2019. "After graduating from Newark's South Side High School, she and her group, now The Drinkard Singers, continued performing and were featured on a 1951 program at Carnegie Hall starring Mahalia Jackson."
  14. ^ "Rock singer remains near her gospel roots", The Star-Ledger, April 7, 1980. Accessed October 7, 2024, via Newspapers.com. "Houston was graduated from South Side High School and believes that education is important to anyone in the music business."
  15. ^ McCall, Tris (February 17, 2012). "Song of the Day: Lift Him Up, The Drinkard Singers". Nj.com. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  16. ^ Unterberger, Richie. "All Music Guide". The Sweet Inspirations: Biography. Yahoo! Music. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  17. ^ Jimi Hendrix Experience, The. "Discography". Electric Ladyland. discogs.com. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  18. ^ a b c d Houston, Cissy. "Cissy Houston Remembers Elvis Presley". Elvis.com.au. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  19. ^ Discography of Cissy Houston
  20. ^ a b c Unterberger, Richie (2003). Bogdanov, Vladimir (ed.). All Music Guide to Soul: The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul (Revised ed.). Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 321. ISBN 9780879307448. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  21. ^ "Cissy Houston @ Artist Direct". Artistdirect.com. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  22. ^ Nathan, David. "Cissy Houston: Presenting Cissy Houston Expanded Edition (SMCR-5054)". soulmusic.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  23. ^ Atlantic Records Catalog: 1600 series Atlantic Records Retrieved February 15, 2024
  24. ^ a b c d "Cissy Houston: National Visionary". Oral History Videos. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  25. ^ "Gary Garland Houston Is Whitney Houston Brother". Celebrity Justice. Ghana Politics. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  26. ^ "Gary Garland: NBA & ABA Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  27. ^ Skittles, D. (February 14, 2012). "Michael Houston". Celebrity Siblings. Celebrity Siblings Blog. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  28. ^ Silverman, Stephen M. "Whitney Houston's Brother Arrested". People.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  29. ^ Merriman, Rebecca. "Michael Houston 'Devastated' At Death of Sister". Entertainmentwise.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  30. ^ Walters, Judy (February 12, 2012). "Whitney Houston News: Life and Times of the American Singing Sensation Who Died at 48". Belle News. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  31. ^ "Cissy Houston: National Visionary". USA Today. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  32. ^ Winfrey, Oprah (September 2009). "Remembering Whitney: The Oprah Winfrey Interview" (video). Oprah Winfrey Network. p. 40:02 minutes. Retrieved April 21, 2010. I see the love and the passion that my mother had for me and she walks in with these sheriffs and she says 'I have a court junction here. Either you do it my way or we're just not going to do this at all. We're going to go on TV and you're going to retire and say you're going to give this up. Because this is not worth it. It's not worth it. And if you move Bobby (Brown), they're going to take you down. Don't you make one move. Let's go. Let's do this. I'm not losing you to the world. I'm not losing you to Satan. I want my daughter back. I'm not doing this. I want my daughter back. I want you back. I want to see that glow in your eyes, that light in your eyes. I want to see the child I raised. You weren't raised like this. And I'm not having it.'
  33. ^ Ginger Adams Otis (January 26, 2013). "Cissy Houston details daughter Whitney's decline in new book". Daily News. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  34. ^ Winfrey, Oprah (September 2009). "Remembering Whitney: The Oprah Winfrey Interview" (video). Oprah Winfrey Network. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  35. ^ Moody, Nekesa Mumbi. "Whitney Houston, superstar of records, films, dies". Associated Press. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  36. ^ Williams, Brennan (April 3, 2012). "Whitney Houston Death: Cissy Houston Breaks Her Silence". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  37. ^ Evans, Greg (October 7, 2024). "Cissy Houston Dies: Legendary Gospel Singer, Backup For Elvis, Aretha, Bette & Jimi, Mother Of Whitney Was 91". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  38. ^ "Cissy Houston Songs, Albums, Reviews". AllMusic. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  39. ^ Discogs. Burt Bacharach – Burt Bacharach. Accessed November 18, 2016.
  40. ^ "Musica Desde Las Antipodas". The Doctor Is In...And Out. brownweb. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  41. ^ "Chaka Khan – Clouds". Clouds. JazzFunkster444. August 19, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  42. ^ "Chaka Khan – Papillon (Hot Butterfly)". Papillion (Hot Butterfly). p4soul. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  43. ^ "Cissy Houston". TVGuide.com. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
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