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A photograph of a flying common bent-wing bat. It is brown with large wings.
Common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii )

Miniopteridae is one of the twenty families of bats in the mammalian order Chiroptera and part of the microbat suborder. A member of this family is called a miniopterid, a bent-winged bat, or long winged bat. They are found in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, primarily in caves, forests, shrubland, and grasslands, though some species can also be found in deserts or rocky areas. They range in size from the Shortridge's long-fingered bat, at 3 cm (1 in) plus a 3 cm (1 in) tail, to the great bent-winged bat, at 8 cm (3 in) plus a 7 cm (3 in) tail. Like all bats, miniopterids are capable of true and sustained flight, and have wing lengths ranging from 3 cm (1 in) for many species to 6 cm (2 in) in the western bent-winged bat. They are all insectivorous and eat a variety of insects and spiders.[1] No miniopterids have population estimates, though two species—the Loyalty bent-winged bat and Southeast Asian long-fingered bat—are categorized as endangered species.

The 31 extant species of Miniopteridae are all included in a single genus, Miniopterus. A few extinct prehistoric miniopterid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (2 species)
 LC Least concern (19 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (7 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the miniopterid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

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The family Miniopteridae consists of a single genus, Miniopterus, containing 31 species.

Miniopterids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Genus Miniopterus – Bonaparte, 1837 – 31 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Aellen's long-fingered bat


M. aelleni
Goodman, Maminirina, Friedli-Weyeneth, Bradman, Christidis, Ruedi, & Appleton, 2010 		Northern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[5]

African long-fingered bat


M. africanus
Sanborn, 1936 		Kenya Size: Unknown length
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[6] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[6]

Common bent-wing bat

Brown bat

M. schreibersii
(Kuhl, 1817)

Twelve subspecies
  • M. s. bassanii (Southern bent-wing bat)
  • M. s. blepotis
  • M. s. chinensis
  • M. s. dasythrix
  • M. s. eschscholtzii
  • M. s. haradai
  • M. s. japoniae
  • M. s. oceanensis (Australasian bent-wing bat)
  • M. s. orsinii
  • M. s. parvipes
  • M. s. schreibersii
  • M. s. smitianus
Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia Size: 5–6 cm (2 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and caves[8] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Eger's long-fingered bat


M. egeri
Goodman, Ramasindrazana, Maminirina, Schoeman, & Appleton, 2011 		Eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[9]

Glen's long-fingered bat


M. gleni
Peterson, Egar, & Mitchell, 1995 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: About 7 cm (3 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Caves and forest[10] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[10]

Great bent-winged bat


M. tristis
(Waterhouse, 1845)

Five subspecies
  • M. t. celebensis
  • M. t. grandis
  • M. t. insularis
  • M. t. propritristis
  • M. t. tristis
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Caves and forest[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[11]

Greater long-fingered bat

Drawing of bat

M. inflatus
Thomas, 1903 		Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[12] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[12]

Griffith's long-fingered bat


M. griffithsi
Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman, Christidis, & Appleton, 2010 		Southern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 6–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[13] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Griveaud's long-fingered bat


M. griveaudi
Harrison, 1959 		Northern and western Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 5–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Unknown[14] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[14]

Intermediate long-fingered bat


M. medius
Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[15] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[15]

Least long-fingered bat


M. minor
Peters, 1866

Two subspecies
  • M. m. minor
  • M. m. occidentalis
Western and eastern Africa Size: 5–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Unknown[16] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[16]

Lesser long-fingered bat


M. fraterculus
Thomas & Schwann, 1906 		Southeastern Africa Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and caves[17] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[17]

Little bent-wing bat

Brown bats

M. australis
Tomes, 1858

Three subspecies
  • M. a. australis
  • M. a. solomonensis
  • M. a. tibialis
Southeastern Asia and eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[18]

Loyalty bent-winged bat


M. robustior
Revilliod, 1914 		New Caledonia Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[19] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Madagascar long-fingered bat


M. brachytragos
Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman, Christidis, & Appleton, 2009 		Northern and western Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and rocky areas[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[20]

Maghrebian bent-wing bat


M. maghrebensis
Puechmaille, Allegrini, Benda, Gürün, Srámek, Ibañez, Juste, & Bilgin, 2014 		Northwestern Africa Size: About 6 cm (2 in), plus about 6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[21] 		 NT 


Unknown Unknown[21]

Mahafaly long-fingered bat


M. mahafaliensis
Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman, Christidis, & Appleton, 2009 		Southern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, and forest[22] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[22]

Major's long-fingered bat


M. majori
Thomas, 1906 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 6–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[23] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[23]

Manavi long-fingered bat

Drawing of brown bats

M. manavi
Thomas, 1906 		Central Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: About 5 cm (2 in), plus about 4 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[24]

Montagne d'Ambre long-fingered bat


M. ambohitrensis
Goodman & Ramasindrazana, 2015 		Northern Madagascar Size: 5–6 cm (2 in), plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[25] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[25]

Natal long-fingered bat

Brown bats

M. natalensis
Smith, 1834

Two subspecies
  • M. n. arenarius
  • M. n. natalensis
Southern and eastern Africa and Arabian Peninsula Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, caves, and desert[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[26]

Newton's long-fingered bat


M. newtoni
Bocage, 1889 		São Tomé and Príncipe Size: About 5 cm (2 in), plus about 4 cm (2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest[27] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Pale bent-wing bat


M. pallidus
Thomas, 1907 		Western Asia Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Caves and desert[28] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Peterson's long-fingered bat


M. petersoni
Goodman, Bradman, Maminirina, Ryan, Christidis, & Appleton, 2008 		Southeastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[29] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[29]

Philippine long-fingered bat


M. paululus
Hollister, 1913 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[30] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[30]

Shortridge's long-fingered bat


M. shortridgei
Laurie & Hill, 1957 		Indonesia Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Unknown[31] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[31]

Small bent-winged bat


M. pusillus
Dobson, 1876 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[32] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[32]

Small melanesian long-fingered bat

Drawing of bat skull

M. macrocneme
Revilliod, 1914 		New Caledonia and New Guinea Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and caves[33] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[33]

Sororcula long-fingered bat


M. sororculus
Goodman, Ryan, Maminirina, Fahr, Christidis, & Appleton, 2007 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 5–6 cm (2 in), plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and rocky areas[34] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[34]

Southeast Asian long-fingered bat


M. fuscus
Bonhote, 1902 		Japan Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and caves[35] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Western bent-winged bat


M. magnater
Sanborn, 1931

Two subspecies
  • M. m. macrodens
  • M. m. magnater
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in), plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[7]

Habitat: Forest and caves[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[36]

References

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  1. ^ Nowak, p. 221
  2. ^ "Fossilworks: Miniopterus". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 519–521
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 527–528
  5. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus aelleni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81629770A95642245. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81629770A95642245.en.
  6. ^ a b Waldien, D. L.; Webala, P. (2020). "Miniopterus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44859A22073089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44859A22073089.en.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 525–526
  8. ^ a b Cistrone, L.; Russo, D.; Aulagnier, S. (2023). "Miniopterus schreibersii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T230918147A230918550. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230918147A230918550.en.
  9. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus egeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81633146A95642260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81633146A95642260.en.
  10. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Razafimanahaka, J.; Ranivo, J.; Kofoky, A.; Hutson, A. M.; Cardiff, S. G.; Andriafidison, D.; Goodman, S.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Racey, P. A.; Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2017). "Miniopterus gleni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81633094A22046191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81633094A22046191.en.
  11. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miniopterus tristis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13571A209530159. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13571A209530159.en.
  12. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Schlitter, D. (2017). "Miniopterus inflatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T13565A22104819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T13565A22104819.en.
  13. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus griffithsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81633105A95642250. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81633105A95642250.en.
  14. ^ a b Juste, J. (2019). "Miniopterus griveaudi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136752A22035638. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T136752A22035638.en.
  15. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miniopterus medius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13567A209529904. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13567A209529904.en.
  16. ^ a b Jacobs, D.; Cotterill, F. P. D.; Taylor, P. J. (2019). "Miniopterus minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13568A22105217. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T13568A22105217.en.
  17. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Ranivo, J.; Hutson, A. M.; Schlitter, D.; Racey, P. A. (2017). "Miniopterus fraterculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T13563A22104581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T13563A22104581.en.
  18. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miniopterus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13562A209528942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13562A209528942.en.
  19. ^ a b Waldien, D. L.; Brescia, F. (2020). "Miniopterus robustior". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13570A22103451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13570A22103451.en.
  20. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus brachytragos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81629758A95642235. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81629758A95642235.en.
  21. ^ a b Benda, P.; Piraccini, R. (2017). "Miniopterus maghrebensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81633156A95642265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T81633156A95642265.en.
  22. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus mahafaliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81629764A95642240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81629764A95642240.en.
  23. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Rakotoarivelo, A. R.; Jenkins, R. K. B. (2017). "Miniopterus majori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T40039A22061249. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T40039A22061249.en.
  24. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Razafimanahaka, J.; Ranivo, J.; Kofoky, A.; Hutson, A. M.; Cardiff, S. G.; Andriafidison, D.; Goodman, S.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Racey, P. A.; Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2017). "Miniopterus manavi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81629742A22061538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81629742A22061538.en.
  25. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Miniopterus ambohitrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T81633128A95642255. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T81633128A95642255.en.
  26. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Griffin, M.; Cotterill, F.; Jacobs, D.; Taylor, P. J. (2017). "Miniopterus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T44862A22073129. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T44862A22073129.en.
  27. ^ a b Juste, J. (2019). "Miniopterus newtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136310A22019007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T136310A22019007.en.
  28. ^ a b Çoraman, E. (2021). "Miniopterus pallidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T81633088A89457387. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T81633088A89457387.en.
  29. ^ a b Jenkins, R. K. B.; Rakotoarivelo, A. (2019). "Miniopterus petersoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T81633135A22035230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T81633135A22035230.en.
  30. ^ a b Bouillard, N. (2021). "Miniopterus paululus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136233A22001879. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136233A22001879.en.
  31. ^ a b Chiozza, F.; Thong, V. D. (2016). "Miniopterus shortridgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136827A22044684. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136827A22044684.en.
  32. ^ a b Bumrungsri, S.; Bates, P. J. J.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Furey, N. (2021). "Miniopterus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13569A22103542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T13569A22103542.en.
  33. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miniopterus macrocneme". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136579A209529376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T136579A209529376.en.
  34. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Cardiff, S. G.; Rakotoarivelo, A. R.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2017). "Miniopterus sororculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136401A22015600. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136401A22015600.en.
  35. ^ a b Fukui, D.; Sano, A. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Miniopterus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13564A209553784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13564A209553784.en.
  36. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miniopterus magnater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13566A209529644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13566A209529644.en.

Sources

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