Jump to content

Mexico–United States border crisis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mexico–United States border crisis
Border between Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora
MotiveImmigration and asylum seeking in the US
Deaths7,216 (1998–2017)[1]
At least 853 in 2022[2]
Arrests2.3 million in 2022[3]
See also: Illegal immigration to the United States and Central American migrant caravans

US Southwest Border Encounters between 2000 and 2023.[4][needs update]

The Mexico–United States border crisis is an ongoing migrant crisis in North America concerning the illegal migration of people into the United States.

U.S. Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump both referred to surges in migrants at the border as a "crisis" during their tenure.[5] Following a decline in migrants crossing the border during the COVID-19 pandemic, illegal border crossings surged during the Joe Biden administration, with over 7.2 million migrants encountered between January 2021 and January 2024, not counting gotaways.[6][7] Experts have attributed the increase in attempted crossings to pent-up demand, changes in global migration patterns, a change of perceptions by migrants about the ease of crossing, and incentives for migrants to try to cross again after Title 42 expulsions.[4][8][9] The number of migrants sent back increased as a result, though the percentage sent back decreased.[6] Border apprehensions fell back to 2020 levels in mid-2024.[10]

Noncitizen removals from 2013-2022[11]

The migrants, who are mostly of Guatemalan, Salvadoran, Honduran, and Venezuelan citizenship, are reported to be escaping economic hardship, gang violence and environmental disaster in their home countries (particularly acute in Guatemala and Honduras) to seek asylum in the US.[4] Unlike the demographic of migrants in the preceding years, an increasing proportion of current migrants arriving at the Mexico–US border are children, including unaccompanied children[12] and from countries outside Latin America.[13]

Background

[edit]

The agents of the US Border Patrol (USBP), a federal law enforcement agency, are tasked with deterring, detecting, and apprehending any person crossing into the US illegally at any point not designated as a port of entry by the US attorney general. Additionally, agents interdict and seize contraband smuggled into the US through non-ports of entry. USBP agents are both immigration and customs officials.[14] Border security and immigration policy has been a wedge issue in politics for a long time. In 1996, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act was passed which expedited the deportation of immigrants who were detained crossing the border. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, more aggressive immigration laws were implemented which gave more power to the USBP.[15]

Death along the border

[edit]
Main article: Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) documented 686 deaths and disappearances of migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in 2022, making it the deadliest land route for migrants worldwide.[16] This is a stark surge compared to when the USBP reported 294 migrant deaths in the fiscal year 2017 (ending September 30, 2017), which was lower than in 2016 (321), and any year during the period 2003–2014. Some of the leading causes are exposure (including heat stroke, dehydration, and hyperthermia). Many recent deaths and disappearances have been linked to the record-breaking heat and therefore hazardous crossing conditions of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. However, rates of migrant deaths and disappearances have only increased in recent years.

According to the estimates by group Border Angels, about 10,000 people have died in their attempt to cross border since 1994. However, the statistics mentioned above reflect only known deaths and do not include estimates for those who have never been found. Some migrant deaths may go unreported even when they are brought to the attention of officials. In a recent interaction between WOLA and Border Patrol officials, the agency claims to have found 640 deceased migrants between October 2022 and August 2023.[17] Yet, this still reflects an undercount. There have been minimal efforts from local law enforcement agencies to keep accurate and robust tracking of migrant deaths. Additionally, there is inadequate infrastructure to identify and return remains to families.

Timeline

[edit]

Obama administration

[edit]
See also: 2014 American immigration crisis

In 2014, the US declared a crisis at the border due to an influx of unaccompanied minors and women making their way through checkpoints.[5] The US southern border had long struggled with implementing policies that aim to prevent immigration-related tragedies. With a decline in unlawful immigration from Mexico, the crisis predominantly concerned increased immigration from the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA), encompassing Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Academics claimed the immigration crisis was a result of US interventions in Central America during the Cold War, with high amounts of political instability, violent crime, and poverty stemming from the US's support of authoritarian regimes.[18][better source needed]

Proposed legislative remedies

[edit]

In June 2013, the Senate approved the most comprehensive immigration overhaul bill since 1986. Negotiated by a bipartisan group of eight senators, fourteen Republicans joined all Democrats in voting for the measure; President Obama promised to sign it. Most conservative Republicans opposed the bill and said it would be dead on arrival in the House. The bill provided for increased border security, including 20,000 new border patrol officers, completion of 700 miles of border fencing and new border surveillance equipment. The bill also provided a "path to citizenship" for some eleven million illegal immigrants already living in the country. Gallup polling found the overhaul was broadly supported by both Democrats and Republicans. Speaker John Boehner refused to consider the bill in the House, promising "to do our own bill." No immigration reform bill emerged.[19][20][21]

Legacy

The immigration legacy of the Obama Administration is marked by complexity. While it was known for its stringent enforcement of immigration laws, resulting in the deportation of a significant number of migrants, the establishment of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) stands out. This initiative has provided protection from deportation for over 750,000 individuals who were brought to the U.S. as children.[citation needed]

Trump administration

[edit]
See also: Immigration policy of Donald Trump
President Donald Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, San Diego
In June 2018, thousands protested the family separation policy in San Francisco for “Families Belong Together”

In January 2019, Trump introduced the Migrant Protection Protocols (also known as "Remain in Mexico"), which forced asylum seekers to wait in Mexico for their US immigration hearings. About 70,000 people were returned to Mexico as a result.[22] The Trump administration asked migrants to take a number at the border and to wait until they are called for a chance to have their asylum cases heard. As a result, in September 2019, the US immigration court faced over one million waiting for their cases to be heard, matching the highest backlog seen in the US.[23]

In September 2019, the US Supreme Court allowed a new ruling to take effect that could curtail most asylum applications at the border. The ruling would demand that most asylum seekers who pass through another country first will be ineligible for asylum at the US's southern border. Mark A. Morgan, acting commissioner of the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), stated the ruling was set to take effect on the week of October 8, 2019.[24]

In several places, dangers including kidnapping, murder, and sexual assault threatened thousands of Central American migrants who had been clustered in Mexican border cities like Matamoros, Tamaulipas, for months, blocked from seeking asylum in the US because of new restriction policies. The US government and United Nations provided free transportation to return refugees to their homes in Central America, but many others who were stuck in Matamoros said that desperation had led them to consider treacherous and potentially life-threatening methods of illegal entry—crossing the river, climbing into tractor-trailers driven by human smugglers, or both. In 2019, as the USBP reported, the number of migrants caught hiding in tractor-trailers along the border had risen by 40 percent that year.[25]

In March 2020, Trump instituted Title 42, which allowed U.S. authorities to swiftly expel migrants, including asylum seekers, at the border. Between its implementation and January 2021, nearly 400,000 people were expelled through Title 42.[22] Encounters had fallen by about half in fiscal 2020, when the border was closed during the COVID pandemic, following a surge in encounters in fiscal 2019.[26]

On January 16, 2021, Guatemala and Mexico deployed the military to their borders, in an attempt to stop a migrant caravan from transiting through their countries on the way to the US.[27][28]

Biden administration

[edit]
See also: Immigration policy of Joe Biden, Standoff of Eagle Pass, and New York City migrant housing crisis

On his first day in office, Biden halted the construction of Trump's Mexican border wall, ending the national emergency declared by the Trump administration in February 2019.[29] He also suspended Trump's "Remain in Mexico" policy, and while a court initially blocked its cancellation, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld it in June 2022.[22]

Early during Biden's tenure, a surge in migrants at the US border stirred controversy. According to a 2021 Politico report, Republicans expected prior to Joe Biden taking office that there would be a border surge at the start of 2021 (due to seasonal patterns and regional crises) and planned to make it a central issue in the leadup to the 2022 midterm elections.[30] The USBP reported an increase in encounters with unaccompanied children from the month before. The reported 5,858  encounters in January to 9,457 in February constituted the largest one-month percentage increase in encounters with unaccompanied children since CBP began recording data in 2010.[31][32][33]

In February 2021, a group of migrants was found massacred in northern Mexico. A few months later, the US Customs and Border Patrol reported that various colored bracelets with writing on them being used as a method to track a migrant's payment status to their coyote and drug cartels that control various parts of Mexico. The bracelets reportedly are used for tracking status of protection from cartel actions such as death, kidnapping, and the right to be in cartel controlled territory or to cross the border into the US.[34][35]

In March 2021, amid a rise in migrants entering the US from Mexico, Biden told migrants: "Don't come over." He said that the US was arranging a plan for migrants to apply for asylum in place, without leaving their original locations, and that migrant adults would be continue to be sent back under Title 42.[36] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help manage these children, but facilities are being overwhelmed because of the numbers of adults and children coming into the country.[37]

On March 24, 2021, Biden asked Vice President Kamala Harris to work with Mexico and Northern Triangle nations to curb the current flow of migrants to the border and develop a long-term solution.[38][39] In June 2021, Harris visited Guatemala and Mexico in an attempt to address the root causes of migration from Central America to the United States.[40] During her visit, in a joint press conference with Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei, Harris issued an appeal to potential migrants, stating "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come."[41]

US southwest border encounters, monthly[42][needs update]

The USBP detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the Mexico–US border illegally in the 2021 fiscal year, the largest annual total on record.[26][43] According to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) data, in fiscal year 2022, undocumented immigrant crossings reached 2.76 million.[44] One month before the end of fiscal year 2023, crossings for that year reached 2.8 million.[45] CBP reported a monthly record of approximately 250,000 migrant encounters in December 2023.[46][47] 7.2 million migrants were encountered between January 2021 and January 2024, more than the individual populations of 36 states.[7]

2.3 million migrants were released into the country at the border between 2021 and 2023, compared to 6 million who were taken into custody by the CBP.[48] Over 1.5 million migrants were additionally recorded as "gotaways", or crossing the border while evading the CBP, between fiscal years 2021 and 2023. The DHS has said the true number of "gotaways" is not known as an unknown number evade detection.[7][49] In fiscal year 2023, CBP figures showed that 169 people on the United States’ terrorist watch list were arrested at the border, compared to 98 in 2022 and 15 in 2021.[50] According to a November 2021 Gallup poll, only 31 percent of Americans approved of the president's handling of immigration.[51]

Progressives have pressed the Biden administration to impede the expulsions and provide asylum to migrants who have legitimate claims of persecution in their homelands. It stated in April that the order would be lifted in May 2022, with new plans in place to deal with the influx.[52]

Title 42 expulsions during COVID-19 pandemic in the US (nearly 3 million total)[53]
'Gotaway' rate fell to historic lows after Title 42 ended in May 2023[54]

Biden kept Title 42 in place until its expiration on May 11, 2023, with nearly three million expulsions between March 2020 and its expiration.[53] Title 42 resulted in many repeat attempts from people expelled,[55] as well as an increase in 'gotaways' which dropped to a record low rate after Title 42 expired.[54] According to the libertarian Cato Institute, the drop in gotaways allowed border patrol to apprehend more criminals and make the border more secure.[54] Following the end of Title 42, illegal crossings temporarily decreased, partly due to the Biden administration creating more legal pathways in its place. Between June and September 2023, the number of illegal crossings increased every month and returned to pre-Title 42 levels.[4]

Over the course of the year after Title 42 ended, the Biden administration deported more people in a fiscal year than any year since 2010.[56] However, as of February 2024, Biden deported or expelled a smaller share of migrants who crossed the border than Donald Trump did. Deportations by ICE also fell to an average of 35,000 per year, versus 80,000 a year during Trump's presidency.[6]

The Biden administration encouraged legal pathways for immigrants, including by opening regional processing centers in Latin America to help migrants apply for asylum, and expanded access to CBP One, an app for migrants to schedule asylum appointments.[22] 813,000 migrants entered the country legally through CBP One between January 2023 and August 2024.[57] It has also relied heavily on parole, including the humanitarian parole of detained migrants, and targeted programs for certain nationalities. Nearly 530,000 migrants between January 2023 and August 2024 legally flew to the United States under parole programs for four Latin American countries,[57] with the Biden administration arguing it helped reduce illegal Mexico-United States border crossings. The parole programs have been the subject of lawsuits by multiple Republican-led states.[22]

According to immigration lawyer and Case Western Reserve University professor Alex Cuic, part of the surge in illegal immigration is because migrants "think they can just come". Human smugglers used the change in presidency to create a sense of urgency for migrants to cross the border.[8] The Dallas Morning News reported in September 2023 that a July survey conducted in four Central American countries found that many in those countries had heard misinformation that the United States had an "open border" policy. The executive director of America's Voice, an advocacy group that promotes immigration reform, said human smugglers were amplifying the false "open border" narrative to lure Central Americans to the United States border, under the impression they would be granted asylum upon arrival. BSP Research, which conducted the survey, asserted that disinformation originated with politicians and conservative media. Media Matters used a video database to track the use of the term "open borders," finding that Fox News and Newsmax each used the term over 3,000 times from November 2020 through August 2023.[58]

On January 17, 2024, a non-binding resolution denouncing the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the U.S. southern border passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 225–187, with all Republicans and 14 Democrats supporting it.[59][60][61]

Many Republicans and conservative commentators alleged Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas committed "willful and systemic refusal to comply with the law" as justification for impeachment. Constitutional scholars, Democrats, and some conservatives asserted Republicans were improperly using impeachment to address immigration policy disputes rather than for high crimes and misdemeanors, of which there was no evidence.[62][63][64][65][66] On February 13, 2024, Mayorkas was impeached on a 214-213 party-line vote by the United States House of Representatives.[67]

On 4 June 2024, Biden signed Executive Order 14123, temporarily shutting down asylum requests and rendering any migrants who crossed the border illegally or without explicit authorization ineligible for asylum, and allowing the removal of migrants who do not have a credible reason for requesting asylum. The order shut down the border if illegal crossings reached an average of 2,500 migrants a day in a given week.[68][69] The order went into effect immediately after being signed due to the threshold of average daily encounters reaching 2,500 people being exceeded.[70][71] As part of the new action, the Biden administration announced the closure of the South Texas Family Residential Center, the largest immigrant detention center in the United States. The primary reason cited for this decision was the high cost of operating the facility.[72]

By the end of June 2024, illegal crossings reached a three-year low following four consecutive monthly drops, which senior U.S. officials attributed to increased enforcement between the United States and Mexico and the weather, as well as the effects of Biden's executive order. Daily apprehensions fell to 2,000 from May's 3,800.[73] By July 2024, border arrests dropped 33% to a 46-month low after it had previously dropped by 55% in June, the lowest level since September 2020.[10][74]

On July 25, 2024, the United States House of Representatives voted 220–196 to pass another resolution condemning the Biden-Harris administration for their handling of the U.S. southern border. Six Democrats voted with all Republicans in the House to pass the resolution.[75][76]

In September 2024, ICE released figures showing that 435,719 convicted criminals were illegally living in the United States outside of ICE detention; including 62,231 who had been convicted of assault, 15,811 of sexual assault and 56,533 of drug possession. 226,847 additional illegal residents were facing criminal charges. In a letter to Republican congressman Tony Gonzales, ICE blamed the high figures on local prosecutors refusing to comply with its detainer requests, which ask police to hold migrants in custody to give ICE time to receive them.[77][78] In a statement to NBC News, the Department of Homeland Security noted that "the data in this letter is being misinterpreted. The data goes back decades; it includes people who entered the country over the past 40 year or more, the vast majority of whose custody determination was made long before this administration. It also includes many who are under the jurisdiction or currently incarcerated by federal, state or local law enforcement partners."[79]

Proposed legislation

[edit]
Republican proposals
[edit]

In May 2023, the Republican-led House passed H.R. 2, or the "Secure the Border Act", which would drastically restrict the asylum process, require United States employers to verify that employees were not undocumented under penalty of prison, build a border wall, defund nonprofits that provide services to undocumented immigrants, and allow the DHS to close the border entirely if it determines doing so is necessary.[80][81] The bill largely passed on a party-line basis, with no Democratic support, and all but two Republicans voting for it.[80][81] A similar bill to H.R. 2 called H.R. 3602, or the "End The Border Catastrophe Act", was turned down on a 215-199 vote by the House in April 2024, with five Democrats voting in support joining all Republicans. The H.R. 3602 "End The Border Catastrophe Act" was brought to the floor under a fast-track procedure known as suspension of the rules, which requires a two-thirds majority for passage. Since the vote result was only a simple majority, it did not pass.[82]

In June 2023, Senate Republicans unveiled a bill that would resume border wall construction, increase pay for Border Patrol agents, reform the nation’s asylum laws, crack down on humanitarian parole of illegal migrants and deny asylum to migrants who come to the United States through safe third countries. They demanded that the reforms be attached to any foreign aid package funding Ukraine.[83] Democratic Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer called the proposal partisan and "a total non-starter" and compared it to the H.R. 2 bill.[84] The White House pointed out that it would do nothing to create a path for citizenship for DREAMers.[84] Dick Durbin said the bill was a good starting point but critiqued it for deporting refugees from Ukraine and Afghanistan.[85]

2024 bipartisan border bill
[edit]

Following months of negotiations, on February 4, 2024, a bipartisan group of senators released a 370-page bill intended to sharply reduce incentives for migrants to attempt border crossings. The bill included a "border emergency" provision that would automatically require the border to be closed if border encounters reached an average of 5,000 per day over several days. Trump, Speaker Mike Johnson and other Republicans asserted the bill allowed 5,000 illegal border crossings per day, though this was misleading, as the 5,000 encounters would only be allowed into the country if they passed asylum hearings or were being held under government supervision.[86] The bill would end the practice of "catch and release" that allows migrants entry into the country while they await immigration hearings; instead, migrants would be detained pending hearings.[86] The plan included a tighter asylum application and approval process with speedy removal of migrants who do not qualify, the hiring of thousands more border patrol and asylum officers and an increase in detention capacity. The bill also provided for thousands of work visas for migrant spouses of U.S. citizens awaiting immigrant visas, and 250,000 new visas over five years for people seeking to work in the U.S. or join family members. It aimed to provide a pathway to citizenship for "Documented Dreamers," children who accompanied their parents on a work visa and who could lose their place in line for a green card at age 21.[87]

President Biden supported the bill, while Speaker Johnson said days before its release that it would be "dead on arrival" in the Republican-controlled House. Shortly after the proposal was announced, House majority leader Steve Scalise declared it would not be brought before the House for a vote. One negotiator, independent Arizona Senator Kyrsten Sinema, asserted the border would have been closed every day so far in 2024 if the bill had been law; Biden promised in January that he would immediately close the border if the bill was enacted. Lead Republican negotiator James Lankford of Oklahoma, among the most conservative Republican Senators, attempted to defend the bill throughout the weeks leading to the vote. Trump, the leading Republican candidate for president in 2024, publicly and privately pressured Republicans during the Senate negotiations to oppose the proposal. The National Border Patrol Council, a labor union representing some 18,000 border patrol officers, quickly endorsed the Senate bill. The union had endorsed Trump in 2020 and had been critical of Biden's policies.[88][89][90][91][92]

Senate Republicans swiftly turned against the bill upon its release, after Trump openly said he did not want Joe Biden to score a political win with the legislation.[93] On February 7, Senate Republicans blocked the proposal in a floor vote. Lankford said on the floor before the vote that a "popular commentator" had told him a month earlier, "'If you try to move a bill that solves the border crisis during this presidential year, I will do whatever I can to destroy you, because I do not want you to solve this during the presidential election.'" Two days before the vote, Trump told a radio host, "This is a very bad bill for his career."[94] The $118 billion package included $60 billion for the Ukrainian military and $14 billion for Israel.[95] Trump said at a rally days later, "We crushed crooked Joe Biden's disastrous open borders bill," while Biden said, "Every day between now and November, the American people are going to know that the only reason the border is not secure is Donald Trump and his MAGA Republican friends."[96]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Southwest Border Sectors" (PDF). United States Border Patrol. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  2. ^ MONTOYA-GALVEZ, Camilo (October 28, 2022). "At least 853 migrants died crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in past 12 months — a record high". CBS News. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  3. ^ MIROFF, NICK (September 19, 2022). "Arrests along U.S.-Mexico border top 2 million a year for the first time". Texas Tribune. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Wu, Ashley (October 29, 2023). "Why Illegal Border Crossings Are So High". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Rose, Joel (January 9, 2019). "President Obama Also Faced A 'Crisis' At The Southern Border". NPR. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Miroff, Nick; Sacchetti, Maria; Frostenson, Sarah (February 11, 2024). "Trump vs. Biden on immigration: 12 charts comparing U.S. border security". Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2024. Illegal border crossings soared to record levels under President Biden, averaging 2 million per year from 2021 to 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Liles, Jordan (February 22, 2024). "7.2M Migrants Have Illegally Crossed US Border Under Biden, Exceeding the Populations of 36 States?". Snopes. Retrieved September 7, 2024. From fiscal years 2021 through 2023, which included data for October 2020 through September 2023, around 1,589,155 "gotaways" were recorded by Border Patrol for the Southwest border. This was in addition to the 7.2 million-plus encounters recorded by officials — not just detected — along the Southwest border.
  8. ^ a b Debusmann Jr, Bernd (February 7, 2024). "Three reasons why so many migrants want to cross from Mexico to US". BBC Home. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  9. ^ Snow, Anita (September 21, 2023). "What's behind the influx of migrants crossing the U.S. southern border?". PBS News. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Border arrests drop 33% to a 46-month low in July after asylum restrictions take hold". The Associated Press. August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  11. ^ https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/2023_0818_plcy_enforcement_actions_fy2022.pdf
  12. ^ Cheatham, Amelia; Roy, Diana. "U.S. Detention of Child Migrants". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  13. ^ Mollica, Andrew; Caldwell, Alicia A.; Hackman, Michelle; Pérez, Santiago (October 22, 2023). "Illegal Immigration Is a Bigger Problem Than Ever. These Five Charts Explain Why". WSJ. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  14. ^ Fernandez, Manny; Jordan, Miriam; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Dickerson, Caitlin; Brinson, Kendrick (September 15, 2019). "People Actively Hate Us': Inside the Border Patrol's Morale Crisis". New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  15. ^ Gutiérrez, Ramón A. (July 29, 2019), "Mexican Immigration to the United States", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.146, ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5, retrieved December 12, 2023
  16. ^ "US-Mexico Border World's Deadliest Migration Land Route". International Organization for Migration. September 12, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  17. ^ Isacson, Adam (September 15, 2023). "Weekly U.S.-Mexico Border Update: Migrant Deaths, In-Transit Migration, San Diego Encampment, Texas Updates". WOLA. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  18. ^ Willman, Nubia B. (2017), "Reaping Whirlwind: How U.S. Interventionist Foreign Policies Created Our Immigration Crisis", Public Interest Law Reporter, 23 (1), OCLC 935202665
  19. ^ Silverleib, Alan (June 28, 2013). "Senate passes sweeping immigration bill". CNN.
  20. ^ Frank Newport; Joy Wilke (June 19, 2013). "Immigration Reform Proposals Garner Broad Support in U.S." Gallup.
  21. ^ "Why Immigration Reform Died in Congress". NBC News. July 1, 2014.
  22. ^ a b c d e Debusmann, Bernd (May 17, 2023). "How Joe Biden and Donald Trump's border policies compare". BBC Home. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  23. ^ Mindock, Clark (September 18, 2019). "Trump visits US-Mexico border wall amid protests". independent. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  24. ^ "US-Mexico border apprehensions fall in September but remain high". aljazeera. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  25. ^ Dickerson, Caitlin. "Desperate Migrants on the Border: 'I Should Just Swim Across'". New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Gramlich, John; Scheller, Alissa. "What's happening at the U.S.-Mexico border in 7 charts". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  27. ^ "Guatemalan troops forcibly clear migrant caravan from highway". The Guardian. January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  28. ^ Cuffe, Sandra; Eulich, Whitney (January 18, 2021). "The caravan hoped for change. But it's not all up to Biden". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  29. ^ Bradner, Eric; Klein, Betsy (January 20, 2021). "Biden targets Trump's legacy with first-day executive actions". CNN. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  30. ^ "The border turned out to be a better attack on Biden than even Republicans thought". POLITICO. April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  31. ^ SPAGAT, ELLIOT (March 17, 2021). "EXPLAINER: Is the US border with Mexico in crisis?". AP NEWS.
  32. ^ Mulder, Brandon. "Fact-check: Is the surge of migrant children arriving at border a result of Biden policies?". Austin American-Statesman. No. March 29, 2021.
  33. ^ Morin, Rebecca (March 15, 2021). "As Biden faces ongoing surge of migrant children, Republicans criticize White House for border crisis". USA TODAY.
  34. ^ Reuters (March 13, 2021). "Mexico: smugglers use bracelets to track migrants as they cross US border". the Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  35. ^ Arroyo, Lorena; Ferri, Pablo; Guerrero, Hector; González, Monica (February 22, 2021). "The Tamaulipas massacre: how the American Dream dies in Mexico". EL PAÍS. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  36. ^ "Biden administration faces pressure on immigration amid influx". Al Jazeera. March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  37. ^ Miroff, Nick (March 14, 2021). "Biden will deploy FEMA to care for teenagers and children crossing border in record numbers". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  38. ^ Egan, Lauren; Gutierrez, Gabe; Gregorian, Dareh (March 24, 2021). "Biden tasks Harris with 'stemming the migration' on southern border". NBC News.
  39. ^ Paz, Christian (July 18, 2024). "Kamala Harris and the border: The myth and the facts". Vox. If Vice President Kamala Harris becomes the Democratic presidential nominee, Republicans have a ready-made case against her: They can say she was President Joe Biden's "border czar," in charge of immigration and the border, and she failed ... There's just one problem. The vice president was never in charge of the border.
  40. ^ Egan, Lauren (June 7, 2021). "Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight". NBC News.
  41. ^ Rodriguez, Sabrina (June 7, 2021). "Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S." POLITICO.
  42. ^ "Southwest Land Border Encounters". U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). September 16, 2024. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024.
  43. ^ "Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border". BBC News. October 23, 2021.
  44. ^ Ainsley, Julia (October 22, 2022). "Migrant border crossings in fiscal year 2022 topped 2.76 million, breaking previous record". NBC News. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  45. ^ Collins, Terry (September 30, 2023). "How many migrants crossed the border in 2023? More people are arriving". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  46. ^ Miroff, Nick (July 17, 2024). "White House touts drop in border crossings to counter GOP crime focus". Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2024. Illegal crossings rose to record levels during Biden's term, reaching a peak in December 2023 when U.S. agents encountered 250,000 migrants
  47. ^ Gramlich, John (April 14, 2024). "Migrant encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border hit a record high at the end of 2023". Pew Research Center. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  48. ^ Sacchetti, Maria; Miroff, Nick (January 6, 2024). "U.S. released more than 2.3 million migrants at border since 2021, data show". Washington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  49. ^ Alfonsi, Sharyn (April 2, 2023). "Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas won't call immigration at southern border a crisis". CBS News. Retrieved September 1, 2024. The Border Patrol reported over 2 million apprehensions in the past year – a record high. Some migrants surrendered themselves to border agents, with the intention of seeking asylum. But the DHS estimates another 600,000 people evaded agents and entered the U.S. illegally, the highest number in over a decade.
  50. ^ Sullivan, Eileen (November 15, 2023). "More Migrants on Terrorism Watch List Crossed U.S. Border". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  51. ^ "Biden Approval Ratings Mostly Underwater". Gallup. November 18, 2021.
  52. ^ Jordan, Miriam (May 19, 2022). "Thousands of Migrants Have Been Waiting for Months to Enter U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  53. ^ a b Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen; Montalvo, Julian (April 25, 2024). "Title 42 Postmortem: U.S. Pandemic-Era Expulsions Policy Did Not Shut Down the Border". Migration Policy Institute.
  54. ^ a b c Bier, David J. (March 4, 2024). "Blog: Border Patrol: 70 Percent Drop in Successful Evasions Since Title 42 Ended". Cato Institute.
  55. ^ Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen; Montalvo, Julian (April 25, 2024). "Title 42 Postmortem: U.S. Pandemic-Era Expulsions Policy Did Not Shut Down the Border". Migration Policy Institute. During its use, the numbers of encounters surged and cases of migrants attempting unauthorized re-entry soared, as did the number of "gotaways"—the term used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for migrants who were not intercepted while crossing the border illegally. Because Title 42 short-circuited the careful series of consequences that CBP had put in place over earlier years, including criminal prosecution for illegal entry or re-entry, it created major churn at the border: Facing no formal consequences for their unauthorized entry, expelled migrants kept trying to cross until they succeeded.
  56. ^ Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen (June 27, 2024). "The Biden Administration Is on Pace to Match Trump Deportation Numbers—Focusing on the Border, Not the U.S. Interior". Migration Policy Institute. In the 12 months after Title 42 ended, the Biden administration ramped up deportations under the standard U.S. immigration framework, Title 8, and removed or returned 775,000 unauthorized migrants—more than in any previous fiscal year since 2010.
  57. ^ a b The Associated Press (September 16, 2024). "Arrests for illegal border crossings jump 3% in August, suggesting decline may be bottoming out". ABC News. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  58. ^ Corchado, Alfredo (September 26, 2023). "Poll: Disinformation about 'open borders' helps spur migrant surge". The Dallas Morning News.
  59. ^ Adragna, Anthony (January 17, 2024). "14 Dems vote with GOP as House condemns Biden handling of southern border". Politico. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  60. ^ "H. RES. 957" (PDF). 118th Congress. January 11, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  61. ^ Schnell, Mychael (January 17, 2024). "These 14 Democrats voted for a GOP resolution denouncing Biden's 'open-border policies'". The Hill. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  62. ^ Alemany, Jacqueline (January 28, 2024). "House GOP unveils Mayorkas impeachment articles despite lack of evidence". The Washington Post.
  63. ^ Mastrangelo, Dominick (January 29, 2024). "Turley says there's no 'cognizable basis' for Republicans to impeach Mayorkas". The Hill. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  64. ^ Matz, Joshua; Eisen, Norman (January 9, 2024). "Why impeaching Mayorkas would violate the Constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  65. ^ Chertoff, Michael (January 28, 2024). "Don't Impeach Alejandro Mayorkas". The Wall Street Journal. Republicans in the House should drop this impeachment charade and work with Mr. Mayorkas to deliver for the American people.
  66. ^ "Impeaching Mayorkas Achieves Nothing". The Wall Street Journal. The Editorial Board. January 30, 2024. A policy dispute doesn't qualify as a high crime and misdemeanor."
  67. ^ Annie Grayer; Clare Foran; Kristin Wilson (February 13, 2024). "House impeaches Alejandro Mayorkas, first Cabinet secretary to be impeached in almost 150 years". CNN.
  68. ^ Aleaziz, Hamed (June 4, 2024). "How Biden's Asylum Order Works". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  69. ^ Shear, Michael D. (June 4, 2024). "To Restrict Migrants, Biden Leans on Trump's Favorite Immigration Law". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  70. ^ "Biden signs executive order dramatically tightening border". NBC News. June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  71. ^ Matthews, Alex Leeds (June 8, 2024). "Illegal border crossings would have triggered the new Biden policy years ago | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  72. ^ Hackman, Michelle. "Exclusive | Biden to Close 'Dilley' Detention Center, Shift Resources Amid Border Crackdown". WSJ. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  73. ^ Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (July 1, 2024). "Illegal crossings at U.S.-Mexico border fall to 3-year low, the lowest level under Biden". CBS News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  74. ^ Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (August 1, 2024). "Unlawful border crossings drop for 5th straight month, reaching lowest level since September 2020". CBS News. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  75. ^ Solender, Andrew (July 25, 2024). "A half-dozen Democrats vote to condemn Harris on the border". Axios. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  76. ^ Carney, Jordain; Adragna, Anthony (July 25, 2024). "Half-dozen Dems join GOP in condemning Harris' work on the border". Politico. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  77. ^ Sanchez, Sandra (September 27, 2024). "ICE released over 435,000 migrants with criminal convictions, data shows". BorderReport. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  78. ^ Walker, Jackson (September 27, 2024). "Over 400K 'convicted criminals' living in US illegally, federal data shows". CBS Austin. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  79. ^ Ainsley, Julia; Strickler, Laura; Gutierrez, Gabe (September 28, 2024). "More than 13,000 immigrants convicted of homicide are living outside immigration detention in the U.S., ICE says". NBC News. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  80. ^ a b Elbein, Saul (January 4, 2024). "5 things to know about the border bill at the heart of GOP shutdown threats". The Hill. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  81. ^ a b Figueroa, Ariana (May 12, 2023). "U.S. House passes bill to reinstate Trump-era immigration policies • Georgia Recorder". Georgia Recorder. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  82. ^ Figueroa, Ariana (April 20, 2024). "U.S. House votes down border bill favored by conservatives • New Hampshire Bulletin". New Hampshire Bulletin. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  83. ^ Bolton, Alexander (November 6, 2023). "Senate Republicans unveil border security demands for Ukraine funding". The Hill. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  84. ^ a b Bolton, Alexander (November 7, 2023). "Schumer blasts Senate GOP border proposal as 'total non-starter'". The Hill. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  85. ^ "Senate Republicans outline border security measures they want as a condition for aiding Ukraine". AP News. November 6, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  86. ^ a b Tsirkin, Julie (January 31, 2024). "The bipartisan border deal would not allow 5,000 illegal crossings per day, despite what Trump says". NBC News.
  87. ^ Scholtes, Jennifer; Emma, Caitlin (February 5, 2024). "Detention and that border 'shutdown': What's really in Biden's bipartisan immigration deal". POLITICO. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  88. ^ Liz Goodwin; Leigh Ann Caldwell (February 4, 2024). "Senate negotiators release sweeping border and military aid bill". The Washington Post.
  89. ^ Demirjian, Karoun (February 4, 2024). "Senators Release Border Deal to Unlock Ukraine Aid, but Fate Remains Uncertain". The New York Times.
  90. ^ Manu Raju; Melanie Zanona; Lauren Fox; Ted Barrett (January 25, 2024). "GOP senators seethe as Trump blows up delicate immigration compromise". CNN.
  91. ^ Tsirkin, Julie (February 5, 2024). "As conservatives balk, U.S. Border Patrol union endorses Senate immigration deal". NBC News.
  92. ^ Foran, Clare; Barrett, Ted; Manu, Raju; Morgan, Rimmer (February 6, 2024). "Republicans line up to sink Senate border bill negotiated by one of their own". CNN.
  93. ^ Kane, Paul (February 7, 2024). "Senate Republicans retreating into the same ungovernable chaos as House GOP". The Washington Post.
  94. ^ Multiple sources:
  95. ^ Goodwin, Liz; Caldwell, Leigh Ann; Hauslohner, Abigail (February 8, 2024). "Senate GOP blocks border deal; future of Ukraine, Israel aid unclear". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  96. ^ Chang Beattie, Anita (February 10, 2024). "Trump Threatens To 'Encourage' Attack Of NATO Members Behind On Payments". Barron's.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico–United_States_border_crisis&oldid=1251038649"